Selected References

Zoos

Abelló, M. T. & Colell, M. (2006) The influence of maternal background on breeding success in gorillas. International Zoo News 53 (3), 144-153.

Akers, J. S. & Schildkraut, D. S. (1985) Regurgitation/reingestion and coprophagy in captive gorillas. Zoo Biology 4, 99-109.

Anon. (1991) Une expérience originale: des ascagnes chez les gorilles. L'espace zoologique St. Martin 21, 11.

Aspinall, J. (1980) The husbandry of gorillas in captivity. J. Reprod. Fert., Suppl. 28, 71-77.

Aspinall, J. (1986) The Howletts gorilla bands. Pp. 465-470 in: Benirschke, K. (ed.) Primates: The road to self-sustaining populations. New York (Springer).

Beck, B. B. (1982) Fertility in North American male lowland gorillas. American Journal of Primatology, Suppl. 1, 7-11.

Beck, B. B. & Power, M. L. (1988) Correlates of sexual and maternal competence in captive gorillas. Zoo Biol. 7, 339-350.

Bitgood, S. et al. (1988) Controlling public feeding of zoo animals. Visitor behavior 2 (4), 6.

Bitgood, S., Patterson, D. & Benefield, A. (1986) Understanding your visitors: Ten factors that influence visitor behavior. AAZPA 1986 Ann. Proc., 726-743.

Bloomsmith, M. A. (1989) Feeding enrichment for captive great apes. Pp. 336-356 in: Segal, E. F. (ed.) Housing, care and psychological wellbeing of captive and laboratory primates. Park Ridge (Noyes).

Böer, M. (1983) Several examinations on the reproductive status of lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) at Hannover Zoo. Zoo Biology 2, 267-280.

Bowen, R. A. (1981) Social integration in lowland gorillas. DODO 18, 51-59.

Bowen, R. A. (1980) The behaviour of three hand-reared lowland gorillas, with emphasis on the response to a change in accomodation. Dodo 17, 63-79.

Coe, J. C. (1985) Design and perception: Making the zoo experience real. Zoo Biol. 4, 197-208.

Coe, J. C. (1989) Naturalizing habitats for captive primates. Zoo Biol. Suppl. 1, 117-125.

Cousins, D. (1976) The breeding of gorillas in zoological collections. Der Zoologische Garten 46, 215-236.

Cousins, D. (1976) A review of the diets of captive gorillas. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 66, 91-100.

Douglass, E. M. (1981) First gorilla born using artificial insemination. International Zoo News 28(1), No. 170, 9-15.

Elsacker, L. van et al. (1990) Social integration of two adult Gorilla gorilla graueri into a group within a new facility. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 81, 41-52.

Enciso, A. E. et al. (1999) Social interactions between captive male and infant gorillas: implications regarding kin selection and zoo management. Zoo Biology 18, 53-62.

Goerke, B. et al. (1987) Behavioral changes of a juvenile gorilla after a transfer to a more naturalistic environment. Zoo Biology 6, 283-295.

Gould, E. & Bres, M. (1986) Regurgitation and reingestion in captive gorillas: description and intervention. Zoo Biology 5, 241-250.

Harcourt, A. H. (1988) Bachelor groups of gorillas in captivity: the situation in the wild. Dodo 25, 54-61.

Hill, C. A. (1966) Coprophagy in apes. Int. Zoo Yb. 6, 251-257.

Hosey, G. R. & Druck, P. L. (1987) The influence of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 18, 19-29.

Johnstone-Scott, R. (1979) Notes on mother-rearing in the western lowland gorilla. International Zoo News 26(5), No. 161, 9-20.

Johnstone-Scott, R. (1984) Integration and management of a group of lowland gorillas at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. Dodo 21, 67-79.

Kirchshofer, R. (1970) Gorillazucht in zoologischen Gärten und Forschungsstationen. Der Zoologische Garten 38, 73-96.

Kopff, H.-O. & Mager, W. B. (1989) Further developments in the breeding population of lowland gorillas at Apenheul. Zoo Biology 9, 165-170.

Lindburg, D. G. (1999) Zoos and the rights of animals. Zoo Biology 18, 433-448.

Loeffler, D. G. (1982) Regurgitation and reingestion in captive lowland gorillas. Zoo Journal (Oklahoma) 6 (1).

Mace, G. M. (1988) The genetic and demographic status of the western lowland gorilla in captivity. Journal of Zoology London 216, 629-654.

Mace, G. M. (1990) Birth sex ratio and infant mortality rates in captive western lowland gorillas. Folia Primatologica 55, 156-165.

Mallinson, J. J. C. et al. (1973) Maintenance, breeding and hand-rearing of lowland gorilla at the Jersey Zoological Park. Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 10th Annual Report, 5-28.

Mallinson, J. J. C. et al. (1976) Breeding and hand-rearing lowland gorillas at the Jersey Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook 16, 189-194.

Maple, T. L. & Warren-Leubecker, A. (1983) Variability in the parental conduct of captive great apes and some generalizations to humankind. Pp. 119-137 in: Reite, M. & Caine, N. G. (eds.) Child abuse: the nonhuman primate data. New York (Alan R. Liss).

Meder, A. (1985) Integration of hand-reared gorilla infants in a group. Zoo Biology 4, 1-12.

Meder, A. (1989) Effects of hand-rearing on the behavioral development of infant and juvenile gorillas. Developmental Psychobiology 22, 357-376.

Meder, A. (1989) Rearing and reproductive success in captive lowland gorillas. In: Kirchshofer, R. International Studbook of the Gorilla, 1988. Frankfurt. Updated version. In: Kirchshofer, R. International Studbook of the Gorilla, 1989. Frankfurt.

Meder, A. (1990) Integration of hand-reared gorillas into breeding groups. Zoo Biology 9, 157-164.

Meder A. (1992) Effects of the environment on the behaviour of lowland gorillas in zoos. Primate Report 32:167-183

Mentz, I. & Perret, K. (1999) Environmental enrichment bei Flachlandgorillas - Beobachtungen zur Nahrungsaufnahme und zum Manipulationsverhalten. Der Zoologische Garten 69, 49-63.

Miller-Schroeder, P. & Paterson, J. D. (1989) Environmental influences on reproduction and maternal behavior in captive gorillas. Pp. 389-415 in: Segal, E. F. (ed.) Housing, care and psychological wellbeing of captive and laboratory primates. Park Ridge (Noyes Publications).

Nadler, R. D. (1974) Determinants of variability in maternal behavior of captive female lowland gorillas. Proceedings of the 5th Congress of the Internatinal Primatological Society, Nagoya, 207-216.

Nadler, R. D. (1980) Child abuse: evidence from nonhuman primates. Developmental Psychobiology 13, 507-512.

Nadler, R. D. & Green, S. (1975) Separation and reunion of a gorilla infant and mother. International Zoo Yearbook 15, 198-201.

Neubauer, S. & Heckner-Bisping, U. (1999) Soziale Interaktionen innerhalb einer Gruppe von männlichen Flachlandgorillas im Loro Parque Teneriffa. Der Zoologische Garten 69, 11-39.

Neuwald, A. & Heckner-Bisping, U. (2000) Neue Wege in der Haltung von Flachlandgorillas im Loro Parque Teneriffa. Zoo. Garten 70, 376-402.

Ogden, J. J. et al. (1989) Gorillas of Cameroon: A post-occupancy evaluation. AAZPA Reg. Conf. Proc. (1989), 557-563.

Peel, A. J. et al. (2005) Non-invasive fecal hormone analysis and behavioral observations for monitoring stress responses in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology 24, 431-445.

Pope C. E. et al. (1997) Birth of a western lowland gorilla following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. American Journal of Primatology 41(3): 247-260.

Prince-Hughes, D. (2001) Gorillas among us. A primate ethnographer's book of days. Tucson (University of Arizona Press).

Ruempler, U. (1990) Verhaltensänderungen von Flachlandgorillas im Zoologischen Garten Köln nach Futterumstellung. Z. Kölner Zoo 33, 75-84.

Ryan, S. et al. (2002) Effects of hand-rearing on the reproductive success of western lowland gorillas in North America. Zoo Biology 21, 389-401.

Sievert, J. et al. (1991) Reproductive intervals in captive female western lowland gorillas with a comparison to wild mountain gorillas. American Journal of Primatology 24, 227-234.

Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2001) A preliminary behavioral comparison of two captive all-male gorilla groups. Zoo Biology 20, 27-40.

Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2001) Habitat use and structural preferences of captive western lowland gorillas: effects of environmental and social variables. International Journal of Primatology 22, 431-447.

Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2002) Urinary androgen and corticoid levels in captive male western lowland gorillas: age- and social group-related differences. American Journal of Primatology 56, 73-87.

Stoinski, T. S. et al. (2004) Factors influencing the formation and maintenance of all-male gorilla groups in captivity. Zoo Biology 23, 189-203.

Thompson, V. D. (1984) Noncompliant behavior in zoo visitors. Zool. Garten 54, 177-190.

Vrancken, A. et al. (1990) Preliminary study on the influence of the visiting public on the spatial distribution in captive eastern lowland gorillas. Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 81, 9-15.

Weghorst, J. A. & McGrew, W. C. (2000) Up where they belong? Habitat and activity budgets in two captive groups of western lowland gorillas. Zool. Garten 70, 273-284.

Wells, D. L. (2005) A note on the influence of visitors on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93, 13-17.

White, M. (1999) An overview of the St. Louis bachelor group(s). Gorilla Gazette13(1), 34-36.

Wilson, S. F. (1982) Environmental influences on the activity of captive apes. Zoo Biology 1, 201-209.

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